Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor (PubMed:
11162439, PubMed:
11915042). Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes (PubMed:
10195690, PubMed:
11162439, PubMed:
11915042, PubMed:
28167758, PubMed:
17761950, PubMed:
16107141, PubMed:
18800767, PubMed:
19167885). The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription (PubMed:
10195690, PubMed:
11162439, PubMed:
11915042, PubMed:
17761950, PubMed:
28167758). The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid (PubMed:
1310260). In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression (PubMed:
20215566). On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and coactivators are recruited leading to transcriptional activation (PubMed:
20215566, PubMed:
9267036). Serves as a common heterodimeric partner for a number of nuclear receptors, such as RARA, RARB and PPARA (PubMed:
10195690, PubMed:
11915042, PubMed:
28167758, PubMed:
29021580). The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a transcriptional repressor or transcriptional activator, depending on the RARE DNA element context (PubMed:
29021580). The RXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptional activity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the P450 system genes (PubMed:
10195690). Together with RARA, positively regulates microRNA-10a expression, thereby inhibiting the GATA6/VCAM1 signaling response to pulsatile shear stress in vascular endothelial cells (PubMed:
28167758). Acts as an enhancer of RARA binding to RARE DNA element (PubMed:
28167758). May facilitate the nuclear import of heterodimerization partners such as VDR and NR4A1 (PubMed:
12145331, PubMed:
15509776). Promotes myelin debris phagocytosis and remyelination by macrophages (PubMed:
26463675). Plays a role in the attenuation of the innate immune system in response to viral infections, possibly by negatively regulating the transcription of antiviral genes such as type I IFN genes (PubMed:
25417649). Involved in the regulation of calcium signaling by repressing ITPR2 gene expression, thereby controlling cellular senescence (PubMed:
30216632).
